![]() Similarly, progeny from Axin2+ cells labeled from E12.5 contribute to both the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. © 2012 International Society for Neurochemistry. From as early as embryonic day 8.5 onwards, Axin2+ cells can give rise to spatially and functionally restricted populations of adult neural stem cells in the subventricular zone. Here, we will revise the latest findings on the characterization of active and quiescent adult neural stem cells in the main regions of neurogenesis and the factors necessary to maintain their active and resting states, stimulate migration and homing in diseased areas, hoping to outline the emerging knowledge for the promotion of regeneration in the brain based on endogenous stem cells. In particular, a promising field is aimed at stimulating or trigger a self-repair system in the diseased brain driven by its own stem cell population. Adult neural stem cells have arisen considerable interest as these studies can be useful to develop new methods to replace damaged neurons and treat severe neurological diseases such as neurodegeneration, stroke or spinal cord lesions. The generation of the different neural lines originates in adult neural stem cells that can self-renew or differentiate into astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or neurons in response to specific stimuli. Nevertheless, many reports indicate that they subsist in other regions of the adult brain. In the central nervous system of adult mammals, neurogenesis occurs in two regions: the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are located in the 'neurogenic' areas of the subventricular and subgranular zones. These remaining radial glial cells act as adult neural stem cells in some regions of the adult mammalian brain, where they continue to generate neurons in. NSPCs migrate and differentiate into highly specified networks of neurons via neurogenesis, and oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are generated via gliogenesis 3, 4 ( Figure 1 ). In the beginning of the 1990s, neurogenesis in the adult brain was indisputably accepted, eliciting great research efforts. These neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) represent both populations and are established as the only self-renewing cell type in the adult CNS. ![]() It occurs in all species of animals except the porifera (sponges) and placozoans. Neural stem cells are also affected in some brain diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Neurogenesis is the process by which nervous system cells, the neurons, are produced by neural stem cells (NSCs). Research on stem cells has developed as one of the most promising areas of neurobiology. The mechanisms explaining how and why stem cells help recovery from brain injury are an important and active area of research. Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) are known to exist in a few regions of the brain however, the entity and physiological/disease relevance of adult hypothalamic NSCs (htNSCs) remain unclear. ![]()
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